Tissue Repair & Regeneration

Thymosin alpha-1

An immune-modulating peptide signal for post-viral and T-cell research.

Last updated 12 August 2026

Studied forInfection-frequency reduction · Viral recovery support · Energy improvement

Evidence on file1 randomised human trial · 4 human observational studies · 1 human case report or series · 1 in-vitro study · 3 citations not yet graded

Strongest sourceNCT00911443: A Phase II, Multicentre, Open, Randomised, Dose Ranging Study to Investigate the Efficacy of Com… (randomised human trial)

Mechanism

Enhances T-cell function, upregulates MHC, and rebalances Th1/Th2 signaling.

Reported effects

What sources associate with this compound. Reported categories, not outcomes we have graded — each would need its own citation and rung.

Infection-frequency reduction
Viral recovery support
Energy improvement

Dosing on file unverified

1.6 mg daily, cycled 12–24 weeks

Carried from a source that labels it unverified, and reproduced with that label attached. A record of what is reported, not a recommendation. No citation on this page establishes it.

Reconstitution

Vial	Diluent	Concentration	Typical dose	Draw
10 mg	2 mL	5000 mcg/mL	1600 mcg	32 units

mass ÷ diluent = concentration; dose ÷ concentration = volume; volume × the syringe factor = units on the barrel (100 for U-100, 40 for U-40). Run your own numbers.

Reported adverse effects

Injection site reactions

Common (1-10%)onset: Immediatereported reversible

Literature on file 10

in vitro
Thymosin α1 Augments CD8⁺ T-Cell Activation and Reverses Exhaustion In Vitro. graded on: an in-vitro system — “In Vitro”
human case series
A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1. graded on: a case report or series — “Case Report”
human RCT
NCT00911443: A Phase II, Multicentre, Open, Randomised, Dose Ranging Study to Investigate the Efficacy of Combination Therapy Containing Dacarbazine (DTIC) Plus Low Dose Interferon Alpha (aIFN) Plus Thymosin a1 Versus Both DTIC Plus Thymosin a1 and DTIC Plus aIFN in Patients With Advanced -Stage Metastatic Malignant Melanoma graded on: a randomised study — “Randomised, Dose Ranging Study”
human observational
NCT04428008: A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Ta1) to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Renal Dialysis Patients graded on: a registered clinical study — “clinicaltrials.gov”
human observational
NCT00039962: Thymosin Plus PEG-Interferon in Hepatitis C Patients With Cirrhosis Who Did Not Respond to Interferon or Interferon Plus Ribavirin graded on: a registered clinical study — “clinicaltrials.gov”
human observational
NCT00040027: Thymosin Plus PEG-Interferon in Non-Cirrhotic Hepatitis C Patients Who Did Not Respond to Interferon or Interferon Plus Ribavirin graded on: a registered clinical study — “clinicaltrials.gov”
human observational
NCT01178996: A Phase III, Multicentre, Double Blinded Study In Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Who Are Non-Responders To Prior Peginterferon Alpha + Ribavirin Therapy Comparing Treatment With Thymosin Alpha 1 + Peginterferon Alpha-2a Plus Ribavirin With Peginterferon Alpha-2a + Ribavirin + Placebo graded on: a registered clinical study — “clinicaltrials.gov”

Not graded

3 citations whose study design could not be read from the title. Left ungraded rather than guessed at.

Identity

Space-filling 3D model of Thymosin alpha-1, carbon grey, nitrogen blue, oxygen red — Built from the SMILES on this record — the atoms, bonds and stereochemistry are exact. The shape is **one computed low-energy pose**, not a measured structure: a flexible peptide in solution has no single conformation. The skeletal formula below claims connectivity and nothing more, which is what we actually know.

2D chemical structure of Thymosin alpha-1 — Built from the SMILES on this record — the atoms, bonds and stereochemistry are exact. The shape is **one computed low-energy pose**, not a measured structure: a flexible peptide in solution has no single conformation. The skeletal formula below claims connectivity and nothing more, which is what we actually know.

Molecular weight: 3108.3
Molecular formula: C129H215N33O55
CAS number: 62304-98-7
PubChem CID: 16130571
UniProt: P06454
InChI key: NZVYCXVTEHPMHE-ZSUJOUNUSA-N
Sequence: SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN
SMILES: CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)C
InChI: InChI=1S/C129H215N33O55/c1-18-59(10)98(159-114(201)76(36-42-91(181)182)146-120(207)83(53-164)154-121(208)84(54-165)155-127(214)99(63(14)166)160-118(205)80(51-94(187)188)152-123(210)95(56(4)5)156-104(191)62(13)135-102(189)60(11)137-115(202)78(49-92(183)184)151-119(206)82(52-163)138-66(17)169)125(212)161-101(65(16)168)128(215)162-100(64(15)167)126(213)147-70(30-22-26-46-133)109(196)150-79(50-93(185)186)117(204)149-77(47-55(2)3)116(203)142-69(29-21-25-45-132)108(195)144-73(33-39-88(175)176)110(197)141-67(27-19-23-43-130)106(193)140-68(28-20-24-44-131)107(194)145-75(35-41-90(179)180)113(200)157-97(58(8)9)124(211)158-96(57(6)7)122(209)148-74(34-40-89(177)178)111(198)143-71(31-37-86(171)172)105(192)136-61(12)103(190)139-72(32-38-87(173)174)112(199)153-81(129(216)217)48-85(134)170/h55-65,67-84,95-101,163-168H,18-54,130-133H2,1-17H3,(H2,134,170)(H,135,189)(H,136,192)(H,137,202)(H,138,169)(H,139,190)(H,140,193)(H,141,197)(H,142,203)(H,143,198)(H,144,195)(H,145,194)(H,146,207)(H,147,213)(H,148,209)(H,149,204)(H,150,196)(H,151,206)(H,152,210)(H,153,199)(H,154,208)(H,155,214)(H,156,191)(H,157,200)(H,158,211)(H,159,201)(H,160,205)(H,161,212)(H,162,215)(H,171,172)(H,173,174)(H,175,176)(H,177,178)(H,179,180)(H,181,182)(H,183,184)(H,185,186)(H,187,188)(H,216,217)/t59-,60-,61-,62-,63+,64+,65+,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-,73-,74-,75-,76-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-/m0/s1

Classified as

Subcutaneousroute: This is the route the reconstitution arithmetic assumes. Mass divided by diluent volume gives concentration, dose divided by concentration gives volume, and volume in mL multiplied by 100 gives units on a U-100 barrel: 5 mg in 2 mL is 2.5 mg/mL, and 0.25 mg comes out at 0.1 mL, which is 10 units.

Also called

Thymosin alpha-1

Notes unverified prose

Approved in 30+ countries; Phase 3 sepsis trial (1.6 mg BID × 7 days); HIV nonresponder trial (1.6 mg daily × 2 weeks, then biweekly × 22 weeks)

Not on file 0

All 8 tracked fields hold a value on this record: molecular weight and formula, CAS number, PubChem CID, amino-acid sequence, SMILES, InChI and InChI key.

Counted from the record itself, not from what a source said it was missing. 136 of 185 records still have at least one empty.

Listed prices 2

What 2 shops we track listed for Thymosin alpha-1, read from their own public catalogues on 2026-08-12. We take no commission on these and they are not ranked by any payment — how vendors are scored.

Listed in CAD
Vendor	Size	Price	Per mg
Buy Peptides 4 Research Canada	size not listed	$49.99 CAD	—
Peptide Supply Online	size not listed	$70.00 CAD	—

Prices are the vendor's own listing, reproduced with the date we read it — never converted between currencies, and compared per milligram only where the vendor states the vial size.

At a glance

Strongest rung: human RCT
Citations: 10
Regulatory: Approved outside the US (source claim, unverified)
Route: Subcutaneous
Declared gaps: 0

Citations by rung

Strongest wins, never an average.